Terapia antimicrobiana personalizada en pacientes críticos y en edad avanzada
Resumen
Objetivo: La terapia personalizada en el tratamiento de las infecciones es esencial para garantizar la optimización de los niveles de fármaco lcanzados en el paciente tratado. Adicionalmente, esta estrategia, juntamente con el conocimiento de la actividad antimicrobiana de estos fármacos, isminuye la posibilidad de desarrollar resistencias bacterianas y mejora el perfil de seguridad de estos fármacos. Las terapias por vías alternativas, como la inhalada, y el soporte de la información facilitada por modelos farmacocinéticos son esenciales debido a la limitación de la actividad aportada por los nuevos antimicrobianos.
Método: Se presenta una revisión no sistemática de la literatura como medida de orientación de la problemática y soluciones a lo expuesto anteriormente. Se ha efectuado una búsqueda de artículos de alta calidad sobre el tópico planteado.
Resultados: Se detectaron 231 artículos que sufrieron una selección posterior, en base a la calidad de los trabajos valorada por un equipo de cinco farmacéuticos clínicos y un médico intensivista. Finalmente, se incluyeron 153 artículos que soportan la revisión que se ha desarrollado.
Conclusiones: La población geriátrica y la integrada por pacientes críticos presenta la necesidad de utilización de los antimicrobianos con una estrecha monitorización. Vías de administración recomendadas en la primera, están desaconsejadas en la segunda. La vía inhalada es una vía que suele relacionarse con elevadas concentraciones en pacientes con infecciones respiratorias. Los modelos farmacocinéticos son un soporte de gran valor para poblaciones como la geriátrica debido a que es mayoritariamente excluida de los ensayos clínicos.
Palabras clave
Referencias
Training towards Personalized Antibiotic Treatment. TIPAT Project. H2020. CORDIS.
European Commission [Internet] [accessed 06/06/2021]. Available at: https://
cordis.europa.eu/project/id/861323/es
Moser C, Lerche CJ, Thomsen K, Hartvig T, Schierbeck J, Jensen PØ, et al. Antibiotic
therapy as personalized medicine - general considerations and complicating factors.
APMIS. 2019;127(5):361-71. DOI: 10.1111/apm.12951. PMID: 30983040
Harper S. Economic and social implications of aging societies. Science.
;346(6209):587-91.
Pea F. Pharmacokinetics and drug metabolism of antibiotics in the elderly.
Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2018;14(10):1087-100. DOI: 10.1080/
2018.1528226
Pea F. Antimicrobial treatment of bacterial infections in frail elderly patients: the
difficult balance between efficacy, safety and tolerability. Curr Opin Pharmacol.
;24:18-22. DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.06.006
Giarratano A, Green SE, Nicolau DP. Review of antimicrobial use and considerations
in the elderly population. Clin Interv Aging. 2018;13:657-67. DOI: 10.2147/
CIA.S133640
Scott MM, Liang SY. Infections in Older Adults. Emerg Med Clin North Am.
;39(2):379-94. DOI: 10.1016/j.emc.2021.01.004
Rodrigues LP, Teixeira VR, Alencar-Silva T, Simonassi-Paiva B, Pereira RW, Pogue R,
et al. Hallmarks of aging and immunosenescence: Connecting the dots. Cytokine
Growth Factor Rev. 2021;59:9-21. DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.01.006
Hyernard C, Breining A, Duc S, Kobeh D, Dubos M, Prevel R, et al. Atypical
Presentation of Bacteremia in Older Patients Is a Risk Factor for Death. Am J Med.
;132(11):44-1352.e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.04.049
Maher D, Ailabouni N, Mangoni AA, Wiese MD, Reeve E. Alterations in drug
disposition in older adults: a focus on geriatric syndromes. Expert Opin Drug Metab
Toxicol. 2021;17(1):41-52. DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1839413
Levison ME, Levison JH. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Antibacterial
Agents. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2009;23(4):791-815. DOI: 10.1016/
j.idc.2009.06.008
Utilización de medicamentos antiulcerosos en España durante el periodo
-2012. Informe de utilización de medicamentos U/AUL/V1/15012014.
Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad [Internet] [accessed
/06/2021]. Available at: https://www.aemps.gob.es/medicamentosUso-
Humano/observatorio/docs/antiulcerosos.pdf
Jump RLP, Canaday DH. Aging Has Unique Effects on the Risks, Presentation, Diagnosis,
Treatment, and Prognosis of Infectious Diseases. Infect Dis Clin North Am.
;31(4):xiii-xv. DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2017.08.001
Faulkner CM, Cox HL, Williamson JC. Unique aspects of antimicrobial use in older
adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(7):997-1004.
Tan JL, Eastment JG, Poudel A, Hubbard RE. Age-Related Changes in Hepatic
Function: An Update on Implications for Drug Therapy. Drugs and Aging.
;32(12):999-1008.
Cotreau MM, Von Moltke LL, Greenblatt DJ. The influence of age and sex on the clearance
of cytochrome P450 3A substrates. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44(1):33‑60.
Kinirons MT, O’Mahony MS. Drug metabolism and ageing. Br J Clin Pharmacol.
;57(5):540-4.
Wynne H. Drug metabolism and ageing. J Br Menopause Soc. 2005;11(2):51-6.
Noreddin A, El-Khatib W, Haynes V, El-Khatib W. Optimal Dosing Design for
Antibiotic Therapy in the Elderly: A Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Perspective.
Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov. 2008;3(1):45-52.
Reeve E, Wiese MD, Mangoni AA. Alterations in drug disposition in older adults.
Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2015;11(4):491-508.
Cockcroft DW, Gault MH. Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine.
Nephron. 1976;16(1):31-41.
Levey AS, Stevens LA, Frcp C, Schmid CH, Zhang YL, Iii AFC, et al. A new equation
to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(9):604-12.
Moist LM, Lok CE, Vachharajani TJ, Xi W, AlJaishi A, Polkinghorne KR, et al. Optimal
hemodialysis vascular access in the elderly patient. Semin Dial. 2012;25(6):640-8.
DOI: 10.1111/sdi.12037
Hernández-Ruiz V, Forestier E, Gavazzi G, Ferry T, Grégoire N, Breilh D, et al.
Subcutaneous Antibiotic Therapy: The Why, How, Which Drugs and When. J Am
Med Dir Assoc. 2021;22(1):50-5.e6. DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.04.035
Azevedo EF, Barbosa LA, De Bortoli CassianiIII SH. Subcutaneous administration of
antibiotics: An integrative literature review. ACTA Paul Enferm. 2012;25(6):817-22.
Caccialanza R, Constans T, Cotogni P, Zaloga GP, Pontes-Arruda A. Subcutaneous
Infusion of Fluids for Hydration or Nutrition: A Review. J Parenter Enter Nutr.
;42(2):296-307.
Duems-Noriega O, Ariño-Blasco S. Subcutaneous fluid and drug delivery: Safe,
efficient and inexpensive. Rev Clin Gerontol. 2015;25(2):117-46.
Sura L, Madhavan A, Carnaby G, Crary MA. Dysphagia in the elderly: Management
and nutritional considerations. Clin Interv Aging. 2012;7:287-98.
Hilmer SN, Gnjidic D. The effects of polypharmacy in older adults. Clin Pharmacol
Ther. 2009;85(1):86-8.
Levison ME. Use of Selected Antibiotics in the Elderly Topical Collection on Infectious
Diseases in the Elderly. Curr Geriatr Reports. 2015;4(1):105-15.
Falcone M, Paul M, Tiseo G, Yahav D, Prendki V, Friberg LE, et al. Considerations
for the optimal management of antibiotic therapy in elderly patients. J Glob Antimicrob
Resist. 2020;22:325-33. DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2020.02.022
Khosravi AMS. Disruption of the gut microbiome as a risk factor for microbial infections.
Curr Opin Microbiol. 2013;16(2)221-7.
Zhou Q, Li W, Zeng S, Yu LS. Pharmacokinetic drug interaction profile of omeprazole
with adverse consequences and clinical risk management. Ther Clin Risk
Manag. 2013;9(1):259-71.
Preissner S. Drug Interactions Involving the Cytochrome P450 Enzymes: Analysis
of Common Combinations of Antibiotics and Pain Relieving Drugs. J Drug Metab
Toxicol. 2012;03(05).
Cullinan S, O’Mahony D, O’Sullivan D, Byrne S. Use of a frailty index to identify
potentially inappropriate prescribing and adverse drug reaction risks in older
patients. Age Ageing. 2016;45(1):115-20.
Patel AM, Shariff S, Bailey DG, Juurlink DN, Gandhi SMM. Statin Toxicity From
Macrolide Antibiotic Coprescription. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158(12)869-76.
Gomes T, Mamdani MM, Juurlink DN. Macrolide-induced digoxin toxicity: A
population-based study. Clin Pharmacol Ther [Internet]. 2009;86(4):383-6. DOI:
1038/clpt.2009.127
Antoniou T, Gomes T, Juurlink DN, Loutfy MR, Glazier RH, Mamdani MM. Trimethoprim-
sulfamethoxazole-induced hyperkalemia in patients receiving inhibitors
of the renin-angiotensin system: A population-based study. Arch Intern Med.
;170(12):1045-9.
Parekh TM, Raji M, Lin YL, Tan A, Kuo YF, Goodwin JS. Hypoglycemia after antimicrobial
drug prescription for older patients using sulfonylureas. JAMA Intern Med.
;174(10):1605-12.
Baillargeon J, Holmes HM, Lin YL, Raji MA, Sharma G, Kuo YF. Concurrent use
of warfarin and antibiotics and the risk of bleeding in older adults. Am J Med.
;125(2):183-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.08.014
Dumitru I, Dumitrascu M, Vlad N, Cernat R, Ilie-Serban C, Hangan A, et al. Carbapenem-
Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Associated with COVID-19. Antibiotics.
;10(5):561. DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10050561
Holyk A, Belden V, Lee JJ, Musick W, Keul R, Britz GW, et al. Ceftazidime/avibactam
use for carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae meningitis: A case report.
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018;73(1):254-6.
Dietl B, Sánchez I, Arcenillas P, Cuchi E, Gómez L, González de Molina FJ, et al.
Ceftolozane/tazobactam in the treatment of osteomyelitis and skin and soft-tissue
infections due to extensively drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: clinical and
microbiological outcomes. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2018;51(3):498-502. DOI:
1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.11.003
Wagenlehner FM, Umeh O, Steenbergen J, Yuan G, Darouiche RO. Ceftolozanetazobactam
compared with levofloxacin in the treatment of complicated urinarytract
infections, including pyelonephritis: A randomised, double-blind, phase 3
trial (ASPECT-cUTI). Lancet. 2015;385(9981):1949-56. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-
(14)62220-0
Solomkin J, Hershberger E, Miller B, Popejoy M, Friedland I, Steenbergen J, et al.
Ceftolozane/tazobactam plus metronidazole for complicated intra-abdominal
infections in an era of multidrug resistance: Results from a randomized, double-blind,
phase 3 trial (ASPECT-cIAI). Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(10):1462-71.
Desai AV, Han D, Kowalski DL, Lademacher C, Pearlman H, Yamazaki T. No dose
adjustment for isavuconazole based on age or sex. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.
;63(6):1-8.
Vincent JL, Rello J, Marshall J, Silva E, Anzueto A, Martin CD, et al. International
Study of the Prevalence and Outcomes of Infection in Intensive Care Units. JAMA.
[accessed 23/01/2019];302(21):2323. Available at: http://www.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19952319
Martin SJ, Yost RJ. Infectious diseases in the critically ill patients. J Pharm Pract.
;24(1):35-43.
Marshall JC, Charbonney E, Gonzalez PD. The Immune System in Critical Illness.
Clin Chest Med. 2008;29(4):605-16. DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2008.08.001
Bermejo-Martín JF, Martín-Loeches I, Bosinger S. Inflammation and infection in critical
care medicine. Mediators Inflamm. 2014;2014:456256.
Brusselaers N, Vogelaers D, Blot S. The rising problem of antimicrobial resistance in
the intensive care unit. Ann Intensive Care. 2011;1(1):47.
Vincent JL, Sakr Y, Singer M, Martín-Loeches I, MacHado FR, Marshall JC, et al.
Prevalence and Outcomes of Infection among Patients in Intensive Care Units in
JAMA. 2020;323(15):1478-87.
Despotovic A, Milosevic B, Milosevic I, Mitrovic N, Cirkovic A, Jovanovic S, et al.
Hospital-acquired infections in the adult intensive care unit—Epidemiology, antimicrobial
resistance patterns, and risk factors for acquisition and mortality. Am J Infect
Control. 2020;48(10):1211-5. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.01.009
López-Pueyo MJ, Barcenilla-Gaite F, Amaya-Villar R, Garnacho-Montero J. Multirresistencia
antibiotica en unidades de criticos. Med Intensiva. 2011;35(1):41-53.
Huynh D, Nguyen NQ. Intestinal absorption and enteral nutrition support during
critical illness. En: Diet and Nutrition in Critical Care [Internet]. New York: Springer;
[accessed 13/05/2021], p. 1297-311. Available at: https://link.springer.
com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-4614-7836-2_95
Krejci V, Hiltebrand LB, Sigurdsson GH. Effects of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and
phenylephrine on microcirculatory blood flow in the gastrointestinal tract in sepsis.
Crit Care Med. 2006;34(5):1456-63.
Vermette D, Hu P, Canarie MF, Funaro M, Glover J, Pierce RW. Tight junction structure,
function, and assessment in the critically ill: a systematic review. Intensive Care
Med Exp. 2018;6(1):1-18. DOI: 10.1186/s40635-018-0203-4
Nguyen NQ, Chapman MJ, Fraser RJ, Bryant LK, Burgstad C, Ching K, et al. The
effects of sedation on gastric emptying and intra-gastric meal distribution in critical
illness. Intensive Care Med. 2008;34(3):454-60. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-007-
-2
Zhu LL, Zhou Q. Therapeutic concerns when oral medications are administered
nasogastrically. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2013;38(4):272-6.
Roberts JA, Lipman J. Pharmacokinetic issues for antibiotics in the critically ill patient.
Crit Care Med. 2009;37(3):840-51. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181961bff
Bengtsson-Palme J, Larsson DGJ. Concentrations of antibiotics predicted to select
for resistant bacteria: Proposed limits for environmental regulation. Environ Int.
;86:140-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.10.015
Shah S, Barton G, Fischer A. Pharmacokinetic considerations and dosing strategies
of antibiotics in the critically ill patient. J Intensive Care Soc. 2015;16(2):147-53.
DOI: 10.1177/1751143714564816
Ulldemolins M, Roberts JA, Rello J, Paterson DL, Lipman J. The effects of hypoalbuminaemia
on optimizing antibacterial dosing in critically ill patients. Clin Pharmacokinet.
;50(2):99-110.
Roberts JA, Lipman J. Pharmacokinetic issues for antibiotics in the critically ill patient.
Crit Care Med. 2009;37(3):840-51.
Brodersen R. Competitive Binding of Bilirubin and Drugs to Human Serum Albumin
Studied by Enzymatic Oxidation. J Clin Invest. 1974;54(6):1353-64. DOI:
1172/JCI107882
Seifert SM, Castillo-Mancilla JR, Erlandson KM, Anderson PL. Inflammation and
pharmacokinetics: potential implications for HIV-infection. Expert Opin Drug Metab
Toxicol. 2017;13(6):641-50. DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1311323
Beunders R, Schütz MJ, van Groenendael R, Leijte GP, Kox M, van Eijk LT, et al.
Endotoxemia-Induced Release of Pro-inflammatory Mediators Are Associated With
Increased Glomerular Filtration Rate in Humans in vivo. Front Med (Lausanne).
;7:559671. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.559671
Chen IH, Nicolau DP. Augmented renal clearance and how to augment antibiotic
dosing. Antibiotics. 2020;9(7):1-12.
Case J, Khan S, Khalid R, Khan A. Epidemiology of acute kidney injury in the intensive
care unit. Crit Care Res Pract. 2013;2013:479730. DOI: 10.1155/2013/479730
Rea RS, Capitano B. Optimizing use of aminoglycosides in the critically ill. Semin
Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;28(6):596-603.
Guilhaumou R, Benaboud S, Bennis Y, Dahyot-Fizelier C, Dailly E, Gandia P, et al.
Optimization of the treatment with beta-lactam antibiotics in critically ill patientsguidelines
from the French Society of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Société
Française de Pharmacologie et Thérapeutique-SFPT) and the French Society of
Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine (Société Française d’Anesthésie et Réanimation-
SFAR). Crit Care. 2019;23(1):104. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-019-2378-9
Taccone FS, Laupland KB, Montravers P. Continuous infusion of β-lactam antibiotics
for all critically ill patients? Intensive Care Med. 2016;42(10):1604-6.
Smith RP, Baltch AL, Franke MA, Michelsen PB, Bopp LH. Levofloxacin penetrates
human monocytes and enhances intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureus and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2000;45(4):483-8.
Preston SL, Drusano GL, Berman AL, Fowler CL, Chow AT, Dornseif B, et al. Levofloxacin
population pharmacokinetics and creation of a demographic model for
prediction of individual drug clearance in patients with serious community-acquired
infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998;42(5):1098-104. DOI: 10.1128/
AAC.42.5.1098
Roberts JA, Alobaid AS, Wallis SC, Perner A, Lipman J, Sjövall F. Defining optimal
dosing of ciprofloxacin in patients with septic shock. J Antimicrob Chemother.
;74(6):1662-9.
Flannery AH, Bissell BD, Bastin MT, Morris PE, Neyra JA. Continuous Versus Intermittent
Infusion of Vancomycin and the Risk of Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Adults:
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Crit Care Med. 2020;48(6):912-8. DOI:
1097/CCM.0000000000004326
Grégoire N, Marchand S, Ferrandière M, Lasocki S, Seguin P, Vourc’h M, et al.
Population pharmacokinetics of daptomycin in critically ill patients with various
degrees of renal impairment. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2019;74(1):117-25. DOI:
1093/jac/dky374
Pea F, Furlanut M, Cojutti P, Cristini F, Zamparini E, Franceschi L, et al. Therapeutic
drug monitoring of linezolid: A retrospective monocentric analysis. Antimicrob
Agents Chemother. 2010;54(11):4605-10.
Rayner CR, Forrest A, Meagher AK, Birmingham MC, Schentag JJ. Clinical Pharmacodynamics
of Linezolid in Seriously Ill Patients Treated in a Compassionate Use
Programme. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2003;42(15):1411-23.
Saravolatz LD, Pea F, Viale P. The Antimicrobial Therapy Puzzle: Could Pharmacokinetic-
Pharmacodynamic Relationships Be Helpful in Addressing the Issue
of Appropriate Pneumonia Treatment in Critically Ill Patients? Clin Infect Dis.
;42(12):1764-71. DOI: 10.1086/504383
Corcione S, Pagani N, Baietto L, Fanelli V, Urbino R, Ranieri VM, et al. Pharmacokinetics
of high dosage of linezolid in two morbidly obese patients. J Antimicrob
Chemother. 2015;70(8):2417-8. DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv126. Erratas en: J Antimicrob
Chemother. 2015;70(10):2925
Morata L, Cuesta M, Rojas JF, Rodríguez S, Brunet M, Casals G, et al. Risk factors
for a low linezolid trough plasma concentration in acute infections. Antimicrob
Agents Chemother. 2013;57(4):1913-7.
Ide T, Takesue Y, Ikawa K, Morikawa N, Ueda T, Takahashi Y, et al. Population pharmacokinetics/
pharmacodynamics of linezolid in sepsis patients with and without
continuous renal replacement therapy. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2018;51(5):745-51.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.01.021
Nukui Y, Hatakeyama S, Okamoto K, Yamamoto T, Hisaka A, Suzuki H,
et al. High plasma linezolid concentration and impaired renal function affect
development of linezolid-induced thrombocytopenia. J Antimicrob Chemother.
;68(9):2128‑33.
Tsuji Y, Holford NHG, Kasai H, Ogami C, Heo YA, Higashi Y, et al. Population
pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of linezolid-induced thrombocytopenia
in hospitalized patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2017;83(8):1758-72.
Natsumoto B, Yokota K, Omata F, Furukawa K. Risk factors for linezolid-associated
thrombocytopenia in adult patients. Infection. 2014;42(6):1007-12.
Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios. Ficha técnica. Zavicefta
g/0,5 g polvo para concentrado para solución para perfusión. Internet
[accessed 03/06/2021]. Available at: https://cima.aemps.es/cima/dochtml/
ft/1161109001/FT_1161109001.html
Mensa J, Soriano A, López-Suñé E, Llinares P, Barberán J, Zboromyrska Y. Guía
de Terapéutica Antimicrobiana 2021. Ficha Técnica Stribild con texto revisado en
mayo 2013 31ª Ed. Antares. 2021.
Delattre IK, Taccone FS, Jacobs F, Hites M, Dugernier T, Spapen H, et al. Optimizing
β-lactams treatment in critically-ill patients using pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics
targets: are first conventional doses effective? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther.
;15(7):677-88.
Goncette V, Layios N, Descy J, Frippiat F. Continuous Infusion, Therapeutic Drug
Monitoring and Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy with Ceftazidime-Avibactam:
a Retrospective Cohort Study. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2021;0-17.
Sanford Guide. App Version 5.0.4. Antimicrobial Therapy, Inc. 2020.
Nicolau DP, McNabb JC, Lacy MK, Quintiliani R, Nightingale CH. Continuous versus
intermittent administration of ceftazidime in intensive care unit patients with nosocomial
pneumonia. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2001;17(6):497-504. DOI: 10.1016/
s0924-8579(01)00329-6
Wenzler E, Bunnell KL, Bleasdale SC, Benken S, Danziger LH, Rodvold KA. Pharmacokinetics
and dialytic clearance of ceftazidime-avibactam in a critically ill
patient on continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.
;61(7).
Soukup P, Faust AC, Edpuganti V, Putnam WC, McKinnell JA. Steady-State
Ceftazidime-Avibactam Serum Concentrations and Dosing Recommendations
in a Critically Ill Patient Being Treated for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pneumonia
and Undergoing Continuous Venovenous Hemodiafiltration. Pharmacotherapy.
;39(12):1216-22.
Bunnell KL, Wenzler E, Danziger LH, Rodvold KA. Clearance of ceftazidime-avibactam
in an in vitro continuous venovenous hemodialysis model. Open Forum
Infect Dis. 2017;4(suppl_1):S294-S295.
Kühn D, Metz C, Seiler F, Wehrfritz H, Roth S, Alqudrah M, et al. Antibiotic therapeutic
drug monitoring in intensive care patients treated with different modalities of
extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and renal replacement therapy:
a prospective, observational single-center study. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):1-11. DOI:
1186/s13054-020-03397-1
Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios. Ficha Técnica Zerbaxa.
Disponible en: https://cima.aemps.es/cima/dochtml/ft/1151032001/
FT_1151032001.htm
Pilmis B, Petitjean G, Lesprit P, Lafaurie M, El Helali N, Le Monnier A, et al. Continuous
infusion of ceftolozane/tazobactam is associated with a higher probability
of target attainment in patients infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Eur J Clin
Microbiol Infect Dis. 2019;38(8):1457-61.
Sime FB, Lassig-Smith M, Starr T, Stuart J, Pandey S, Parker SL, et al. A population
pharmacokinetic model-guided evaluation of ceftolozane-tazobactam dosing in
critically ill patients undergoing continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration. Antimicrob
Agents Chemother. 2020;64(1):1-11.
Vaborem [Ficha técnica]. Available at: https://cima.aemps.es/cima/dochtml/
ft/1181334001/FT_1181334001.html
Gilbert DN, Chambers HF, Eliopoulos GM, Saag MS, Pavia AT, eds. Guia Sanford
de terapéutica antimicrobiana. México: Editorial Médica AWWESA; 2019.
Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios. Ficha Técnica Cresemba.
Disponible en: https://cima.aemps.es/cima/dochtml/ft/1181334001/
FT_1181334001.html
Lepak AJ, Marchillo K, VanHecker J, Diekema D, Andes DR. Isavuconazole pharmacodynamic
target determination for Candida species in an in Vivo murine disseminated
candidiasis model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57(11):5642-8.
Huang H, Xie H, Chaphekar N, Xu R, Venkataramanan R, Wu X. A Physiologically
Based Pharmacokinetic Analysis To Predict the Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous
Isavuconazole in Patients with or without Hepatic Impairment. Antimicrob Agents
Chemother. 2021;65(5)e02032-20.
Lahmer T, Baires GB, Heilmaier M, Schmid RM, Sörgel F, Kinzig M, et al. Influence
of sustained low-efficiency dialysis treatment on isavuconazole plasma levels in
critically ill patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2019;63(11):1-4.
Zhao Y, Seelhammer TG, Barreto EF, Wilson JW. Altered Pharmacokinetics and
Dosing of Liposomal Amphotericin B and Isavuconazole during Extracorporeal
Membrane Oxygenation. Pharmacotherapy. 2020;40(1):89-95.
Debnath SK, Srivastava R, Debnath M, Omri A. Status of inhalable antimicrobial
agents for lung infection: progress and prospects. Expert Rev Respir Med.
;15(10):1251-70. DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2021.1919514
Wenzler E, Fraidenburg DR, Scardina T, Danziger LH. Inhaled antibiotics for
gram-negative respiratory infections. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2016;29(3):581-632.
Le J, Ashley ED, Neuhauser MM, Brown J, Gentry C, Klepser ME, et al. Consensus
summary of aerosolized antimicrobial agents: application of guideline criteria.
Insights from the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists. Pharmacotherapy.
;30(6):562-84. DOI: 10.1592/phco.30.6.562
Kalil AC, Metersky ML, Klompas M, Muscedere J, Sweeney DA, Palmer LB,
et al. Management of Adults With Hospital-acquired and Ventilator-associated
Pneumonia: 2016 Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases
Society of America and the American Thoracic Society. Clin Infect Dis.
;63(5):e61‑111.
Rello J, Solé-Lleonart C, Rouby JJ, Chastre J, Blot S, Poulakou G, et al. Use
of nebulized antimicrobials for the treatment of respiratory infections in invasively
mechanically ventilated adults: a position paper from the European
Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Clin Microbiol Infect.
;23(9):629-39.
Sweeney DA, Kalil AC. Why don’t we have more inhaled antibiotics to treat
ventilator-associated pneumonia? Clin Microbiol Infect. 2019;25(10):1195-9.
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.04.018
Smith S, Rowbotham NJ, Regan KH. Inhaled anti-pseudomonal antibiotics for longterm
therapy in cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;3(3):CD001021.
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001021.pub3
Langley A, Cottingham L. Detectable serum tobramycin concentrations in a patient
with renal dysfunction receiving tobramycin by inhalation. Am J Health Syst Pharm.
;68(15):1385-6. DOI: 10.2146/ajhp100683
Trone DJ, Hall EA. Therapeutic drug monitoring of inhaled tobramycin in a post–
hematopoietic cell transplant patient with bronchiolitis obliterans and end-stage
renal disease. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2020;25(5):451-4.
Bilton D, Pressler T, Fajac I, Clancy JP, Sands D, Minic P, et al. Amikacin liposome
inhalation suspension for chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis.
J Cyst Fibros. 2020;19(2):284-91.
Griffith DE, Eagle G, Thomson R, Aksamit TR, Hasegawa N, Morimoto K, et al.
Amikacin liposome inhalation suspension for treatment-refractory lung disease cau-sed by Mycobacterium avium complex (CONVERT) a prospective, open-label,
randomized study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;198(12):1559-69.
Liu D, Zhang J, Liu HX, Zhu YG, Qu JM. Intravenous combined with aerosolised
polymyxin versus intravenous polymyxin alone in the treatment of pneumonia caused
by multidrug-resistant pathogens: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J
Antimicrob Agents. 2015;46(6):603-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.09.011
Barker AF, O’Donnell AE, Flume P, Thompson PJ, Ruzi JD, De Gracia J, et al.
Aztreonam for inhalation solution in patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis
(AIR-BX1 and AIR-BX2): Two randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled phase
trials. Lancet Respir Med. 2014;2(9):738-49.
Haworth CS, Bilton D, Chalmers JD, Davis AM, Froehlich J, Gonda I, et al. Inhaled
liposomal ciprofloxacin in patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis and
chronic lung infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ORBIT-3 and ORBIT-4): two
phase 3, randomised controlled trials. Lancet Respir Med. 2019;7(3):213-26.
De Mol W, Bos S, Beeckmans H, Lagrou K, Spriet I, Verleden GM, et al. Antifungal
Prophylaxis After Lung Transplantation: Where are We Now? Transplantation.
Feb 22. DOI: 10.1097/TP.0000000000003717
Monforte V, Ussetti P, Gavaldà J, Bravo C, Laporta R, Len O, et al. Feasibility, tolerability,
and outcomes of nebulized liposomal amphotericin B for Aspergillus infection
prevention in lung transplantation. J Hear Lung Transplant. 2010;29(5):523‑30.
Peghin M, Monforte V, Martín-Gómez MT, Ruiz-Camps I, Berastegui C, Saez
B, et al. 10 years of prophylaxis with nebulized liposomal amphotericin B and
the changing epidemiology of Aspergillus spp. infection in lung transplantation.
Transpl Int. 2016;29(1):51-62. DOI: 10.1111/tri.12679
Godet C, Cateau E, Rammaert B, Grosset M, Le Moal G, Béraud G, et al. Nebulized
Liposomal Amphotericin B for Treatment of Pulmonary Infection Caused by
Hormographiella aspergillata: Case Report and Literature Review. Mycopathologia.
;182(7-8):709-13.
Thanukrishnan H, Corcoran TE, Iasella CJ, Moore CA, Nero JA, Morrell MR, et al.
Aerosolization of Second-generation Triazoles: In Vitro Evaluation and Application in
Therapy of Invasive Airway Aspergillosis. Transplantation. 2019;103(12):2608‑13.
Solé A, García-Robles AA, Jordá C, Cases Viedma E, Mancheño N, Poveda-
Andrés JL, et al. Salvage therapy with topical posaconazole in lung transplant recipients
with invasive Scedosporium infection. Am J Transplant. 2018;18(2):504-9.
Gómez-Ganda L, Terradas-Campanario S, Campany-Herrero D. Physicochemical
characterization of micafungin and anidulafungin for its nebulized administration.
Farm Hosp. 2019;73(5):163-5.
Los-Arcos I, Berastegui C, Martín-Gómez MT, Grau S, Campany-Herrero D,
Deu M, et al. Nebulized micafungin treatment for Scopulariopsis / Microascus
tracheobronchitis in lung transplant recipients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.
;65(6):e02174-20. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.02174-20
Whiting B, Kelman AW, Grevel J. Population Pharmacokinetics Theory and Clinical
Application. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1986;11(5):387-401.
Schumacher GE, Barr JT. Bayesian approacfies in pharmacokinetic decision
making. Clin Pharm. 1984;3(5)525-30.
García MJ, Santos MD, Fernández De Gatta MM, Otero MJ, Domínguez-Gil A.
Farmacocinética de poblaciones: una aproximación a la optimización del tratamiento
con antimicrobianos. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2001;19(5):219-28.
Soy D, Torres A. Antibacterial dosage in intensive-care-unit patients based
on pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic principles. Curr Opin Crit Care.
;12(5):477-82.
Horcajada JP. Aplicabilidad de los parámetros PK/PD de los antimicrobianos en
el tratamiento de infecciones complejas y resistencias extremas. Rev Esp Quimioter.
;28:16-8.
Doménech Berrozpe J, Martínez Lanao J, Peraire Guitart C, eds. Tratado general
de Biofarmacia y Farmacocinética. Volumen II: Vías de administración de fármacos:
aspectos biofarmacéuticos. Farmacocinetica no lienal y clínica. Madrid:
Síntesis; 2013.
Sheiner LB, Ludden TM. Population pharmacokinetics/dynamics. Annu Rev Pharmacol
Toxicol. 1992;32:185-209.
Sheiner LB. The population approach to pharmacokinetic data analysis: Rationale
and standard data analysis methods. Drug Metab Rev. 1984;15(1-2):153-71.
Abdul-Aziz MH, Alffenaar JWC, Bassetti M, Bracht H, Dimopoulos G, Marriott D,
et al. Antimicrobial therapeutic drug monitoring in critically ill adult patients: a Position
Paper. Intensive Care Med [Internet]. 2020;46(6):1127-53. DOI: 10.1007/
s00134-020-06050-1
Monogue ML, Pettit RS, Muhlebach M, Cies JJ, Nicolau DP, Kuti JL. Population
pharmacokinetics and safety of ceftolozane-tazobactam in adult cystic fibrosis
patients admitted with acute pulmonary exacerbation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.
;60(11):6578-84.
Desai A, Schmitt-Hoffmann AH, Mujais S, Townsend R. Population Pharmacokinetics
of Isavuconazole in Subjects with Mild or Moderate Hepatic Impairment. Antimicrob
Agents Chemother. 2016;60(5):3025-31. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.02942-15
Enlaces refback
- No hay ningún enlace refback.
Incluida en:
Farmacia Hospitalaria
Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria. C/ Serrano n. 40 2º Dcha. - 28001 Madrid
eISSN: 2171-8695
ISSN-L: 1130-6343
Dep. Legal: M-39835-2012
Correo electrónico de contacto: [email protected]
Los artículos publicados en esta revista se distribuyen con la licencia: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.
La revista Farmacia Hospitalaria no cobra tasas por el envío de trabajos, ni tampoco cuotas por la publicación de sus artículos.