Efecto de una dosis de lidocaína y ketamina sobre el consumo intraoperatorio de opioides en pacientes sometidas a cirugía ginecológica electiva bajo anestesia general. Estudio piloto aleatorizado y controlado con placebo

Jusset Teresa García-Navia, Javier Tornero López, Juan José Egea-Guerrero, Angel Vilches Arenas, Tiburcio Vázquez Gutiérrez

Resumen


Introducción y objetivos del estudio: existe evidencia de que la administracion perioperatoria de ketamina y lidocaina intravenosa reduce el dolor y el consumo de opioides postoperatorio, acorta la estancia hospitalaria y acelera la recuperacion de la funcion intestinal. Sin embargo, no se han estudiado los efectos beneficiosos en el periodo intraoperatorio. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de una unica dosis de lidocaina y ketamina sobre el consumo intraoperatorio de opioides en pacientes sometidas a cirugia ginecologica electiva bajo anestesia general. Material y métodos: estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado, doble ciego, controlado con placebo en un solo centro. Se incluyeron 33 pacientes (11 en el grupo ketamina, 11 en el grupo lidocaina y 11 en el grupo placebo). Para la analgesia postoperatoria se utilizo una bomba PCA (Analgesia Controlada por el Paciente ) de morfina. Los pacientes fueron asignados al azar a uno de los tres grupos de estudio: 1,5 mg/kg de lidocaina al 2%, 0,5 mg/kg de ketamina al 5% o solucion salina 0.9%. La variable principal del estudio fue el consumo de opioides durante la cirugia. Las variables secundarias fueron: tiempo de educcion de la anestesia, intensidad del dolor, consumo de opioides en las 24 horas posteriores a la cirugia y efectos adversos. Resultados: se observo una disminucion del consumo intraoperatorio de opioides en los grupos ketamina (402,3 } 106,3) y lidocaina (397,7 } 107,5) frente al grupo placebo (561,4 } 97,1); p = 0,001. Se encontro una correlacion positiva entre el consumo intraoperatorio de opioides y el tiempo de despertar (r = 0,864, p <0,001). No hubo diferencias significativas respecto a la intensidad del dolor en reposo en las 24 horas posteriores a la cirugia. El consumo total de morfina en las primeras 24 horas tras la cirugia no difirio significativamente entre los grupos (placebo: 27,54 } 11,75; ketamina: 30,95 } 7,88; lidocaina 34,77 } 10,25; p = 0,26). Las nauseas y vomitos postoperatorios fueron mas frecuentes en el grupo placebo (se observo en 3 pacientes del grupo ketamina, en 5 del grupo lidocaina y en 9 del grupo placebo; p = 0,027). Conclusión: Nuestros resultados no apoyan el uso de una unica dosis intraoperatoria de lidocaina o ketamina para disminuir el dolor postoperatorio y el consumo de opioides tras cirugia ginecologica abierta. Sin embargo, si parece disminuir los requerimientos intraoperatorios de opioides y acortar el tiempo de educcion de la anestesia. No obstante, estos resultados deben ser validados en futuros estudios con mayor tamano muestral.

Palabras clave


Ketamina; Lidocaina; Farmacos analgesicos; Periodo perioperatorio; Laparotomia

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Referencias


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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7399%2Ffh.2016.40.1.9339

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